Managing Employee Retention and Turnover Essays -- Human Resource Mana

Managing Employee guardianship and TurnoverEmployee retention has always been an important focus for human resource managers. Once a company has invested cadence and money to recruit and train a good employee, it is in their own best interest to retain that employee, to further develop and motivate him so that he continues to provide value to the organization. But, employers must also recognize and tend to what is in the best interest of their employees, if they intend to keep them. When a company overlooks the needs of its employees and focuses yet on the needs of the organization, turnover often results. Excessive turnover in an organization is a prime indicator that something is not right in the employee environment. We allow for look at the differences between retention and turnover, why employees stay, reasons why they leave, and what can be done to save them. We will also examine some external factors that will make employee retention and turnover reduction highest priorit ies for human resource professionals.Basically, employee retention is measured by an employees longevity with a company, and is the desired outcome of a company hiring workers it wants and needs. Many organizations find it more productive and profitable to redirect resources formerly allocated to recruiting, hiring, orienting, and training of new employees and use them instead toward employee retention programs. Such programs target good performers who are likely to leave the company and work proactively to retain them. Although there is no tried-and-true prescription for retaining good employees, there are five factors that pay back a proven positive impact on retention and they should be taken into consideration when developing an employee retention programSupervisor/Employee relationship - contiguous supervisors who are also leaders of people will be the most important people in the workplace of the future... (Jamrog, 2004) Todays supervisor is expected to be a coach, a traine r, and a mentor. Foremost, he must be able to communicate well up and down the organization. Employees who have honest, open relationships with their supervisors feel a hotshot of commitment to them. Employee engagement - The best employees are motivated by tasks that are intellectually stimulating and provide variety and challenge while contributing value. Studies from the Gallup organizat... ...and cooking will help employers more readily adapt.ReferencesAARP. 2002, Staying Ahead of the Curve The AARP Work and Career Study. Wahington, D.C. AARPRetention rodeo.Buhler, Patricia M. The exit interview a goldmine of informationSource supervising v. 63 no4. (Apr. 2002) p. 15-17. Database WilsonSelectPlus.Ceridian Employee Services, http//www.ceridian.com/myceridianChristian & Timbers, www.ctnet.com Frank, Fredric D. The Race for Talent Retaining and Engaging Workers in the 21st Century. Source Human Resource Planning v.27 no3 (2004) p. 12-25. Database WilsonSelectPlus Jamrog, Jay. T he Perfect Storm The Future of Retention and Engagement. Source Human Resource Planning v. 27 no3 (2004) p. 26-33. Database WilsonSelectPlus. Society for Human Resource Management (2003). Older Workers Survey.U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2003) Customized Data Compilation, November 20.Demographics and caboodle Winning the War for Talent, Watson Wyatt Worldwide, Bethesda, Maryland 301.581.4600http//www.hermangroup.com/retentionconnection/http//www.capitalhgroup.com/weAre/research/KeepingTopTalentSurvey.pdf

Conflicts in the Opening Act and Resolutions in the End of Harold Brigh

How does Harold Brighouse present the differences and conflicts in the opening act and what resolutions are shown in the polish off?Hobsons Choice is a play written by Harold Brighouse found in the Victorian times. This may be a reason why in that respect were so many differences and conflicts presented in the play because it allows you to look at the historical issues and the social issues. The opening act is brimming with differences and conflicts, some obvious and some subtle. The conflicts were based upon people crossing the social boundaries and going against expectations that the Victorians had set upon us. The differences were mainly believing whether those boundaries should be crossed or not. The differences caused the conflicts. The beliefs caused different actions and those actions caused conflict. The play has two main characters, twain strong willed flummox and daughter, Hobson and Maggie. Hobson is a prosperous Salford boot settler but also an ineffectual tyrant an d spends most of his time drinking whilst his three daughters agitate his home and his shop. Maggie is his eldest daughter, who is immensely efficient and a lot more strong minded then her father. These two characters show the most difference betwixt each different and any other conflict caused was mainly because of their differences. Conflict was not just between Maggie and her father but also between other characters too. For example, Willie and Maggie, Jim and Hobson, Ada and Maggie and even Alice and Vickey against Maggie. You can see that these conflicts had either Maggie or Hobson in them, the strongest characters in the play. Alice showed the first sign of conflict in the first page of the play. Alice had problems with her father drinking and returning home late eac... ...ed right at the end and it was a huge leap shown in Willie by Brighouse to show that Hobson really had mixed-up his authority to be disobeyed by his own worker who was lower circle and then Willie to be supported by Maggie showed that Hobson had lost all his support.Harold Brighouse created such an nimbus to show how people were in the Victorian times. He created characters that could represent many types of people at that time. For example, Hobson represented the middle class man, Maggie the strong willed daughter, Mrs Hepsworth the upper class woman, Ada the lower class women, Willie the timid, hard working man and so on. These characters had many differences and attributes which collided with other personalities. This difference between the characters was why the conflicts occurred and Brighouse managed to change some personalities to make some conflicts die.

Prophet and Tecumseh Essay -- essays research papers

It is believed that Tecumseh was born in 1768 in central Ohio. He was the second son of a Shawnee warrior who was killed at the Battle of Point Pleasant. In his end breaths, his father commanded his eldest son Cheesuaka, to train Tecumseh as a warrior and to never make peace with the whites. Cheesuaka was good to his word and became an excellent warrior and a teacher. He grew blotto with his younger brother, and after their mother moved to Missouri he acted as a foster parent as well. Tecumseh was a model child, and although it is claimed that he ran in terror from his first battle, his courage never faltered from then on. Tall, muscular, intelligent, and highly charismatic, Tecumseh proved to be a master battle tactics and an excellent speaker. (Edmunds)Prophet was whizz of a set of triplets born just a few years after Tecumseh. Tenskwatawa, as he was first known was the only one of the terce believed to have survived into adulthood. Part of this could be because, unlike Tecums eh, Tenskwatawa was a clumsy child who was unskilled in hunting and would never become a warrior. This was a grave faux paux for a young man in Shawnee society. Tenskwatawa lost his right eye in a hunting accident when he was young. As he grew older, developed a taste for whiskey and quickly degenerated into severe intoxicantism. Despite his flaws, Tenskwatawa was devoted to Tecumseh, and the older brother acted as his protector. (Edmunds)Tenskwatawas life was filled with alcohol and despair when, he...

Yemen Essay -- Yemens Government, Politics

In spite of Yemens desire to be a world player, internal strife and an upswing of insurgent action is pulling the country apart. Yemen occupies the southernmost region of the Arabian Peninsula, sharing boarders with Saudi Arabia and Oman. Yemen enjoys many miles of coastline. The port of Aden is so located as to be the shipping center on for the country. This papers purpose is to provide information and intelligence measurement for the following areas history, government, foreign relations, demographics, economy, military and the current threat posed by Yemen. An inflow of militants from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Afghanistan has raised concerns that Yemen has become an Al-Qaede haven (2). This concern contrasts with the governments efforts in counterterrorism and the goal of being a legitimate world player. I task that Yemen has seen what seems to be a typical inception and growth for countries of the Middle-East. Prior to the region being named Yemen, it fell under the contro l of several fleeting kingdoms between the twelfth century BC and the 6th century AD. Beginning in the 7th century AD, Islamic caliphs began to exercise control within the region later cognise as Yemen (1). The Ottoman Turks, as they gained control of the Middle East occupied all of Northern Yemen until there withdraw in 1918 (1). As World state of war II draws to an end, Yemen joins the Arab League in 1945 and the U.N. in 1947 (1). However, at this point Yemen is still divided in to two states, the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) and the Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY). It took years for the two factions to agree on unification and another decade for a constitution to be agreed to. On 22 May 1990 The Republic of Yemen was declared.I assess that Yemens... ...le-East countries, is standing in between the governments progressive policies and the extremist views of the Muslim radicals. And in a time where having the wrong ally can found the wrath of the radicals down on you, Yemen is looking in all directions for help. The civil discontent, a weak economy and a growing number of terrorist calling Yemen habitation put Yemen in a precarious position. The aid they receive from the U.S. helps the government and people while at the same time allowing the insurgents to point fingers at calendar week leadership. As for the U.S., we must proceed cautiously. A true ally in region is invaluable. But a weak ally could draw the U.S. into further conflicts or stretch the amount of aid we send to a region. In my opinion it is better to keep Yemen close. Helping Yemen along allows us to keep our finger a little more closely on the pulse of our foes.

Los Vendidos :: essays research papers

Los Vendidos means the sell- divulges. All the characters in the play exchange-out at some point during the play. The characters sold out both their black markets and their charge of life. I would say that the person who sold out the most was the Mexican-American because he sold-out both his Mexican, his American heritage and way of life. He wanted to be perfect, so when he found that the Americans and the Mexicans had their flaws he sold them out. He now has to search for a new and perfect race to identify with. (He will be searching for a while.) The Mexican- American sold out his Mexican Heritage when he said, "The problems of the Mexicans stem from one thing alone hes stupid, he is under-educated, he necessarily to stay in school. He needs to be ambitious and be forward looking, most important he needs to think American" (Page 382). In his statement he is only finding the bad of his people and stating it for the entire room to hear. He shows great disrespect for the Mexican heritage by saying all that is wrong with them. He shows their flaws, weaknesses, and imperfections. I believe your heritage makes up who you are and that is you, so you should never disrespect yourself by disrespecting your heritage. I believe thee way he sold-out was by disrespecting his heritage. the Mexican- American is still trying to decide support he is going to live Mexican or American. When the Mexican-American says, "The only thing I dont like is how come I always got to play the goddamn Mexican-American"(Page-384). You are unsure by this statement weather he is selling-out his Mexican or his American lifestyle. You know he wants to perfect because of his attitude toward playing the part of the Mexican-American. The Mexican American doesnt know where he wants to go in life I guess this proves no matter how old you are or how much of an education you have you sell people out and walk all over them.

Los Vendidos :: essays research papers

Los Vendidos means the sell- knocked out(p)s. All the characters in the play sell-out at some point during the play. The characters sold out both their hunt downs and their manner of life. I would say that the person who sold out the most was the Mexican-American because he sold-out both his Mexican, his American heritage and way of life. He wanted to be perfect, so when he found that the Americans and the Mexicans had their flaws he sold them out. He now has to search for a new and perfect race to identify with. (He will be searching for a while.) The Mexican- American sold out his Mexican Heritage when he said, "The problems of the Mexicans stem from one thing all hes stupid, he is under-educated, he necessitate to stay in school. He needs to be ambitious and be forward looking, most important he needs to think American" (Page 382). In his statement he is only finding the bad of his people and stating it for the entire room to hear. He shows great disrespect for the Me xican heritage by saying all that is wrong with them. He shows their flaws, weaknesses, and imperfections. I believe your heritage makes up who you are and that is you, so you should never disrespect yourself by disrespecting your heritage. I believe thee way he sold-out was by disrespecting his heritage. the Mexican- American is still trying to decide hold he is going to live Mexican or American. When the Mexican-American says, "The only thing I dont like is how come I always got to play the goddamn Mexican-American"(Page-384). You are unsure by this statement weather he is selling-out his Mexican or his American lifestyle. You know he wants to perfect because of his attitude toward playing the part of the Mexican-American. The Mexican American doesnt know where he wants to go in life I guess this proves no matter how old you are or how much of an education you have you sell people out and walk all over them.

Home School V Public School

For years, thither has been debate over home enlightening and overt school therefore, I exit comparing and furrow classroom ratio, environment, and fond skills of the children. There are numerous advantages and disadvantages to both home cultivation and humankind schooling. The following essay will compare and contrast some of these reasons. Every parent should consider all of the advantages and disadvantages when decision making on the education of their children and where they will receive it.Similar essay Boarding Schools Should Be AbolishedAs a parent, angiotensin converting enzyme of the hardest decisions you will have to make is having to know how your children will get their education, and where they are going to receive it. Between home schooling and world schooling, there are many advantages and disadvantages a parent must think of before deciding where to send their children. Parents must decide on what they and their children would prefer and what would work s coop out for their household and their lifestyle. There are some benefits to home schooling, but the disadvantages may surpass the benefits, which in turn, could prove very harmful to the child.Being home schooled tends to hurt ones complaisant development, because they are sufficient to hide from the chaos, pressures, and stress of life. By not beingness in a public school, they are separated from society and their peers. Being in public school, you have a chance of more opportunities, such as locomote the school bus. My three year old daughter is in preschool, and riding the bus is one thing she looks forward to every day. Being home schooled means you are always stuck at home with just your parents. This hinders a persons social development, because they are missing important interactions with their peers.Public schooled children get to know the facility, classmates, and other children in the school. Having these people around you everyday for years and years creates a path for blockheaded relationships. Having a routine of seeing the same people around you day after day means you will have meaningful and deep relationships. These relationships will follow you for years to come. You will always look back and think about the people you went to school with. On the other hand, there are many groups centered around home schooled children.My five cousins know many other home schooled children because of these said groups. One of the biggest disadvantages of public schooling is the teacher to student ratio. In bigger schools, there may not be as much one-on-one interactions, and this can prove harmful to a childs education. In my public proud school this was not a problem, because we were a smaller school with many teachers. For some students they may need the one-on-one help to ensure they understand what is being taught to them. Some children may do fine with a higher teacher to student ratio, but it depends on each individual child.Distractions in publi c school is also a disadvantage, because for some children, being distracted may cause them to fail. No parent wants their child to fail in anything. Being home schooled allows a child to create a schedule that works best for them. There are benefits to establishing a personal schedule, such as sleeping later and having more free time. They will, in all, waste less(prenominal) time because their schooling is centered purely around the child and their needs. They can learn at a travel rapidly that works best for them, and can concentrate more time on any weaknesses.With not having the distractions like public schools have, home schooled students are better able to avoid peer pressure. Even with all of the advantages of home schooling, it can also be harmful and damaging to the childs growth as an adult. If one gets use to the one-on-one attention, it could hinder them greatly. If they stop getting this one-on-one attention, they may fall behind in the business and adult world. Not h aving a merged environment that public schools provide, home schooled students may not know how to deal with deadlines and rules.This may hurt the students in their adult and businesses life. In order to make it through and through life, one must know how to follow rules and how to work under pressure. Because there is less chaos and stress in a home schooled environment, one had less experience in handling pressure. Therefore, home schooled students are less attractive to businesses. The lack of pressure and guidelines will hinder a person attempting to get a professional job, because they have not had to listen and do as they say in a home schooled environment.However, if a parent knows the importance of deadlines and rules, they may tranquil enforce them at a home schooled environment. It all depends on the parent and their children. One of the advantages of home schooling is not having to follow a certain lesson invention as you would in a typical public school setting. With public schooling, the students have to follow a certain lesson plan set forth by the teacher. With having this set lesson plan, the student may already know what is being taught. Therefore, there is a bunch of filler homework in public school.Having had gone to public school with a girl who got pregnant during high school, I know this information through her. She dropped out because of the birth of her son, and began home schooling herself. If she had stayed in public school, she would not have graduated until the spring of 2008. However, because she was not having to follow a lesson plan set forth by a teacher, she was able to graduate in the spring of 2007. She was able to get right down to what she needed to learn and skip all of the filler homework.By the time she would have graduated staying in public school, she was already through her first year of university. In conclusion, for a parent deciding whether to put their children in public school or home schooling them, needs to take the individual child in to prospective. Each child and their mentality are different. Therefore, each child will respond to different schooling in their own way. There are numerous advantages and disadvantages to both ways of schooling. Each parent needs to take all of these in to prospective when deciding how and where their children get their education.

Communication Issues in the Workplace

Running head THE IMPORTANCE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN THE The Importance of Effective Communication in the study Christina Springer University of Phoenix The Importance of Effective Communication in the Workplace Introduction Anyone in a work environment having an understanding of what good utile Inter pagan communication in the workplace entails will enhance every persons ability to experience a successful and professional work experience. throng can be exposed to misunderstandings in the workplace due to deviation of interests.These conflicts of interests can be rooted from a variety of cultural differences among distinctive cultural backgrounds early(a) than our own, and inter field individuals who are in our country solely for education or temporary work. Lack of proper understanding or skills of transformation in the workplace can cause many discrepancies among coworkers. People live in an progressively complex world. One element of this complexity is the mixing of d ifferent cultures, languages and faiths. at bottom the business world intercultural communication is vital for success.Effective communication between colleagues from different cultural backgrounds ensures a team is working harmoniously. (The Six Steps to Intercultural Communication, 1) item There was a Caucasian tall skinny man with glasses who worked as a Deejay in West Virginia while attending West Virginia University. He was part German with somewhat of an accent. He had previous experience with all genres of music. His plan was to finish school and return to Germany to pursue his dream of being an internationally known Deejay. He was invited to a national hip hop celebration to perform as an artist and as a Deejay.The coordinator informed the African American Deejays that there would be a Caucasian Deejay coming to assist with them at the job. When he arrived to the celebration, there was a huge table of all African American Deejays setting up their equipment. He was told b y the coordinator to set up as soon as he arrived there. So he walked up to the table of Deejays and they started laughing at him. They made fun of him and ridiculed him thinking it was a joke that he came to Deejay. They made fun of his appearance and did not run him serious. He went to the coordinator and told the coordinator the situation.The coordinator came over to the table of Deejays and explained that he was one of the Deejays to be performing and to clear a space for his equipment as they would not do before. Without hesitation they apologized and cleared a space for the German Deejay to set up his equipment. Diagnosis infringe is a clash of value that is a common chance in the workplace. (Teo, 2006, December 13, 1) In this particular situation the Deejays at the national celebration being all African American may claim misjudged the German Deejay for his appearance and accent.They may have underestimated his ability to Deejay effectively based off of his appearance o f different culture and his accent. Because this was a hip hop celebration they seemed to have assumed that he was incapable of livening up the crowd. This common situation of conflict needs to be addressed more in any workplace. much often executives are expected to work internationally, hence business and social contacts between people of various nationalities increased. As these people accrue from disparate cultural backgrounds, geographical barriers gave way to communication barriers that lead to tensions and conflicts. Teo, 2) The important for leaders of any organization properly to train its employees of cultural differences and how to handle situations that may arise is increasingly important. The coordinator may have not properly informed the German Deejay of what he would be exposed to during this particular job. As a result it was somewhat of a culture shock for the German Deejay. This was a culture shock for the German Deejay especially not knowing what to think or e xpect.If the coordinator would have notified the African American Deejays of the complete extent of the German/Caucasian mans nationality or description it would have made it easier for everyone involved at the job. The African American Deejays were use to working with other African American Deejays experienced in hip hop only. The German Deejay felt like an castaway when the African American Deejays made fun of him and nonverbally displayed he was unwelcomed by not clearing a space for his equipment due to their poor need of judgment. SolutionsAny person being of a different ethnicity in a completely different country can expect to experience a conflict of interest at any workplace unfortunately. A decision to be made upon the leaders of the organization to enhance its entire employees of the importance of diversity skills and how it can lead to success. If the coordinator would have informed the African American Deejays of the nationality, talent, skills, and capabilities of the German Deejay then perhaps the African American Deejays would have been more welcoming to the German Deejay.The German Deejay could have gone to the human resources department of the organization and he or she could offer help for this situation. Any coordinator of any national event should ceaselessly inform its employees of any possibility of conflicts of interests or lack of understanding of misjudgments that may occur and how to handle a situation like that. In order to come to appreciate and understand people from different cultures, empathy is vital. Through putting yourself in someone elses shoes he or she will come to see or appreciate their point of view. The Six Steps to Intercultural Communication, 5) Everyone makes or has assumptions about others. Assumptions are beliefs rather than objective truth and are usually influenced by a number of subjective factors. (The Six Steps to Intercultural Communication, 3) Any employee of any workplace must take interest to underst and the differences between cultural norms, beliefs, and values within each culture and that they are all distinctive. People should always respect other cultures in order to create a civil and uncontaminating work environment. ConclusionDiversity skills are very important to have in any work environment. Without efficient knowledge or understanding of other cultures and the capabilities of behavior from one culture to the next, conflicts of interest may arise. If employees and leaders can work together to access and prevent any bad situation from happening it would be beneficial to the organization as well as the employees. Regardless of the ethnic background of a person, monitoring our own behavior can always be a way of building opportunities and the ability to enhance strengths of comprehending the importance of eing equipped with proper knowledge on the expansion of diversity among workers anywhere. References Teo, A. (2006, December 13). Intercultural Conflict in the Workplac e Every Organizations Nightmare. Ezine Articles. Retrieved from http//ezinearticles. com/? Intercultural-Conflict-in-the-Workplace-every-Organizations-Nightmare=385503 The Six Steps to Intercultural Communication. (). Kwintessential. Retrieved from http//www. kwintessential. co. uk/cultural-services/articles/intercultural-communication. html

Kant and Categorical Imperatives Essay

In order to evaluate ones deeds whether they are righteous or not, we use many moral dilemmas. One of them is Kants matted imperative. This essay presents Kants project of categorical imperative. Then, I will explain that rulers should raise to Kants categorical imperative when do foreign insurance decision. In order to support my mind of view, I will give importance to the reasons of why rulers appeal to categorical imperative when devising foreign policy, so I take up two reasons for this.One of them is that secernates depend on each other in economically and politically. Thus, in order to yield this stability which means that continue to stay among other states, states should act through the principles of categorical imperative which are universally binding, good intention and never exploitation plurality or other states as means to end. The second reason is that if rulers appeal to categorical imperative when making foreign policy decisions, the initiation quite a little be more peaceful.Since, wars and conflicts which are caused by bad intention, utilize other people or states as means for neting advantages which are not universally valid can be hindered by categorical imperatives. Finally, I will conclude that the Kants categorical imperatives are still valid and necessary when rulers are making foreign policy decisions. If we explain briefly Kants categorical imperative, there are basically three principles that represent it. These are universal law, ends as a means and the importance of intention in conducting of human behaviour.Firstly, according to Kant, ones action should be universally valid. Universal validity means that people should think behaviours and they need to judge their own behaviours or actions are morally acceptable or not. When you think of your behaviour, if you decide that everyone acts in the same way with me, past the action become universal and moral. The second principle of categorical imperative is that people must respect others and never use them for achieving some goals. Lastly, the third that the most important criterion of categorical imperative is maxim, which means intention.Moral value is determined by the intention of people, which is called general maxim. If your intention is good, then your action is moral. The consequences of your action are not important, the most important thing is your intention. For this reason, being moral in your actions depends on the universal validity. However, it does not matter that how your actions conclude on others whether they are good or bad. In order to explain the first reason of why rulers should appeal to categorical imperative when making foreign policy decisions, we can think about the growing trade between the states.States become more interdependent when trades among various states expand. Interdependence is not only important economically but also politically because all economic or business activity depends on political positions of the states. When states trade between each other, they become in return dependent on each others political advantages. Also, gentleman markets are influenced by politics and states power in the valet de chambre markets depends on its foreign policy. So, states should establish good copulations with other states.For this reason, when making foreign policy decisions, ruler should appeal to categorical imperative. Firstly, rulers actions must be universally valid. If states foreign decisions are internally valid, then state cannot benefit from this politically and economically. For example, if the state decide to change the price of its export goods up without approval of other states, then states could not sell its goods whose price increase, because other states want to buy the same goods from another country whose price is cheaper.Second point is that if states intention is bad and this kind of intention is understood by other states, this state is reproached by other states, wh ich have a relation with this state. As a result of this, the state that is reproached becomes alone in the world market and world policy without any advantage both politically and economically. Because of that, states should have a good intention when they have relations with other states. The second reason is that principles of categorical imperative can provide peace and order if rulers appeal to them when making foreign policy decisions.Since, states start to think universally while acting toward other states instead of being self-interested. Moreover, acting with good intentions and not using people or other states as means provide justice and order in the world. Since, each state wants to be powerful and they try to thwart more power than other states. It means that in order to reach their aims, they simply can use other foreign policy actors as tools. In other words, they can use other states as a means to their ends. As a result of this kind of action, war between states is inevitable.It is because when one state can act in that way toward others then, other states also act in similar way. For this reason, their interests can be probably conflicted and chaos in world politics can arise. However, if states take into account the principles of categorical imperative, there will be probably no conflict or chaos in the world politics. In conclusion, when the principles of categorical imperative are concerned, we easily realise that they depend on each other and they help us to evaluate the actions, which are moral.These principles of categorical imperative have the same goal that is being moral. For to be moral, the actions should be universal and should not have the aim of using others in order to gain advantages. If rulers conduct through the principles of categorical imperative then, it is obvious that the world would be more peaceful and fair. However, these obligations are not put into practise in forthwiths world politics. But, it is enough to know that categorical imperative is still valid and is necessary to apply to todays conditions of foreign policy.

Arithmetic Q

Question 1 Consider the following represent G. pic 1. Give the adjacency matrix and adjacency list of the graph G. (5 marks) adjacency matrix pic adjacency list a b c d e f b d a c e b e f a e b c d f c e 2. Give the incidence matrix and incidence list of the graph G. (5 marks) pic incidence matrix pic incidence list 1 2 3 4 5 6 a b a d b c b e c e c e 7 8 d e e f Question 2 Consider the graph I. kickoff at the vertex a and resolving ties by the vertex alphabetical coif traverse the graph by breadth-first-search (BFS) and construct the corresponding BFS tree. (5 marks) pic The order is a b e g f c d h II. Starting at the vertex a and resolving ties by the vertex alphabetical order traverse the graph by depth-first-search (DFS) and construct the corresponding BFS tree. (5 marks) pic The order is a b f e g c d h Question 3 Consider the following graph G.The label of an edge is the personify of the edge. 1. Using Prims algorithm, draw a nominal spanning tree (M ST) of the graph Also write down the change of the priority queue ill-treat by step and the order in which the vertices are selected. Is the MST drawn unique? (i. e. , is it the one and only MST for the graph? ) 7 marks Not unique pic 2. Using Kruskals algorithm, draw a minimum spanning tree (MST) of the graph G. Write down the order in which the edges are selected. Is the MST drawn unique? (i. e. , is it the one and only MST for the graph? ) (5 marks)Not unique pic 3. Referring to the same graph above, find the shortest paths from the vertex a to all other vertices in the graph G using Dijkstras algorithm. Show the changes of the priority queue step by step and give the order in which edges are selected. (8 marks) pic Order in which edges are selected a-e, e-f, a-b, f-g, b-c, g-h, c-d the shortest paths from the vertex a to all other vertices a. b 4 a. c 10 a. d17 a. e1 a. f3 a. g8 a. h 16 N. B. There may be more than than one solution. You only need to give one of the solutions.

Case Analysis †Giant Consumer Products Essay

1)Using data in Exhibits 1 & 4 develop solution templates in Exhibit 3 for Sanchez.From the table above, it is clear that the impact of a advancement cannot be considered in isolation. On the whole, the forward motional material has resulted in a loss instead of a profit for the Dinardo range of products. Considered in isolation a promotion on Dinardo 32 may look attractive but overall its a loss-making proposition.2)Do you advise Sanchez to run a national sales promotion? If so, which one of the items the funds be allocated Dinardo 32, dinardo 16 or natural meals?Sanchez can run a sales promotion for rude(a) meals. This is the only profitable excerption as can be seen from Solution template Part-3 in the table above.3)Prepare Sanchez for additional strategic/ tactical questions that he anticipates from Flatt given at the end of case.a)The promotion of Natural Meals would be a win for FFD, the retail merchant as well as the consumer. FFD gains due to a positive growth in mark eting valuation reserve due to the promotion. For the retailer, the benefit will be on account of the increased spending by FFD for promotional activities. The margins on Natural Meals are higher for retailers and an increase in volumes would directly have a positive impact on retailers revenues. The consumer benefits due to the reduced prices from the promotion.b)FFD should go with the pay for performance approach for promotion of Natural Meals. The price on the box of the product should not be reduced and instead a discount must be offered at the time of billing. The retailer should then be reimbursed for the discounts offered to customers. This would help retain the premium positioning of FFDs products and avoid customers from looking at the products to be available at a grass during subsequent purchases.

Indian Market Diversity

Indian Market Diversity & Changing Consumer Behaviour The Indian consumer market is one of the most promising markets in the world, evolving faster than ever across all socioeconomic strata, regions and t take gradationes. Post liberalisation Indians meet seen a tremendous increase in incomes, multiple income households, word-painting to international lifestyles and media, easier financial credit.In these fast changing times, it blend ins imperative for companies reaching out to the Indian market, to catch the pulse of the Indian consumer, to gain a improve understanding of the Indian consumer behaviour and to get key insights into issues like What does the Indian Consumers shopping basket consist of? What is it that the Indian consumer is buying Is it App bel? Books? medical specialty? Or Durables or Grocery? How is she paying for her purchases? How oftentimes is she willing to travel to get one-s top off shopping options? Is she discount driven enough to wait for promotions or markdowns? How different is the Delhi consumer from the one in Kolkata or Chennai, and how different atomic number 18 they from those in Lucknow or Ludhiana? All these questions kick in taken a top priority non only to domestic marketers but in addition for companies like Wal-Mart and Carrefour that argon planning to set up retail chains to tap the potential Indian consumer market. Marketing in India is growing through an indefinable phase.Various print, electronic and other media are influencing everyone right from Karta of the family to the kid, the consumers making decision and the way in which the new generation Indian consumer be chip ins is undergoing change at a never before pace. In todays global marketing era, which stresses on customization and localisation, influencing the consumers decision has become more important in this changing environment. Many new upcoming trends have been noticed in the last decade.According to the data provided by (NCAER) a la mode(p) In dian market demographics report 2002 in the period from 1998-99 to 1999-2000, the purchase of white unafraids rose by 103%, this growth was seen mostly in the Southern India, with North and Hesperian portions of the coun decide still lying untapped. In other words, the potential in the North and the West is truly large. With income levels rising- especially in the post-reforms period the identification number of upper-medium and high-income households rose from 4. 1 % of the total numbers of households in 1989-90 to 11. 9% in 1998-99.The pattern of consumption has also undergone a sea change. Similarly, the number of low-income households, that is households with an annual income of slight than Rs. 35,000 per year, has fallen from 58. 2 % in 1992-93 to 39. 7 % in 1998-99. Income Levels From NCEAR, LM Lower Middle class, M Middle Class, UM Upper Middle Class and H higher(prenominal) Class. (All figure in %) Income Class92-9395-9698-99 Low=, Rs 35,00058. 248. 939. 7 LM=Up to Rs 70,00025. 430. 734. 5 M= up to Rs 1,05,00010. 411. 913. 9 UM = up to Rs 1,40,0003. 756. 2 H =. Rs 1,40,0002. 33. 55. 7A traditional family in India is different from a western family, the decision making process for the purchasing of consumer durables is quite elaborate, as many members with their diverse find out are involved in it. At the same time, the characteristics of Indian families are fast changing. Indian families are presently in a state of flux, unsteady from being strictly hierarchical to more egalitarian in character. This is all because of a sea change in the structure of income distribution (as shown in the table) where High-income class is expanding very fast. Middle-income classes bulging in size especially in rural India. During the post reform period the rate of growth in the upper income categories was such(prenominal) higher, compared to the corresponding decline in the size of the low-income class. The growth of the top most income class after 1995-96 h as been of the order of about 19%. A significant blackball growth in the urban low-income class was observed in south and west India, followed by north India. The High class consumers are at the top end with the mindset I pay more to get more, where the purchase is driven by the emotional surplus that the consumer experiences.The mid-level which thinks I get good value at a reasonable price. More important, however, is the large block at the lower income level which says I pay less and I get less and is totally satisfied with that. This is probably a segment that many marketers tend to all overlook since they feel that thither is no existing pauperism there. Nothing could be further from the truth. The problem was that earlier, there were no goods and services targeting this large chunk but today companies are reaching out into this segment. there is a growing realisation today that it is easier to compete in the smaller towns because many of the big brands and their marketing ma nagers and sales teams dont make the sudor to travel there. Hence, if one does go there, market share is easy to achieve because even though the overall pie is smaller, there is less competition. Rural urban disunite The rural markets are growing. However the level of infrastructure development (including that of the services sector), performance of agriculture, and dependency on Mon currently will determine their further growth. Availability of electricity alone is a critical factor for durable ownership. In urban markets, aspiration is the key it is all about brands, lifestyles and show-off value. This is followed by quality and last price. Rural India is driven primarily by price, followed by aspiration and then quality. However, what is important to understand is that the Indian consumer, no matter where he or she is or what category he or she belongs to, still looks for a good bargain. That is a unique Indian characteristic.While they maybe driven by the same desires, ther e are still differences in the way people live in the non-metropolitan cities when compared with the metropolitan cities or metros as they are usually called. A degree of homogeneousness may exist in large cities, but there is a disconnect when compared with their counterparts in smaller towns whether it is regarding their philosophy, their thoughts or their approach to life. Thus, marketers today also direct to think about creating brands that address these differences in consumers lifestyles.The Indian consumer is also maturing fast and is upgrading within product segments at a pace that consumer companies are struggling to take up with. The mobile phone category is a classic example, where individuals across segments are constantly moving to the next price level as soon as they master the technology of their current phone. Companies therefore have to straddle the whole consumer pyramid rather than being focused on one part of it. These changes have also raised new challenges for old brands.There is a danger of them fading if they do not reinvent themselves to satisfy current guides. As a result, there is a whole new marketing opportunity and challenge for those brands that have to reinvent themselves and try to compete. The retail experience has also created a niche for new products and services. Gadgets like mobile phones are sold through kiranas (small family stores) and telephone booths since those are the outlets that have electricity. This is the total opposite of the mall culture seen in urban India and it is a need that consumer companies will need to address.Indian FMCG market in 1990s During the 1990s the rural segment of the FMCG market has grown steadily at over 3% per annum. Market size for products with lower penetration and consumption levels has grown at over 40% per annum during the later half of the 1990s. Significantly such products are at the higher side of the price line. There are others such as washing materials, toiletries, tooth paste and tea where substitution effects are taking place. The employment played by members of the family varies with demographics parameters as well as with the type of products.While a number of psychological variables are useful in obtaining into consumers psyche, it is worthwhile to investigate into some specific aspects of consumer decision making in order to formulate marketing strategies. In case of a family, the influencer does not usually have expertise but assume their respective roles on the basis of the family dynamics. Once the decision to buy a particular consumer durable product is made and announced. Family members provide what randomness is available to them about the product, and even assign members to gather cultivation.For collecting additional data, the influencers use any of the four basis sources of information, via, personal, commercial, public and experiential. The degree of acceptance of the information and the preference of the influencers may, howeve r, vary. The entire family members will act as an influencer. The moderator (Whom the influencers confine) may be instructed to collect the desired information. By the early nineties FMCG marketers had figured out twain things Rural markets are vital for survival since the urban markets were getting saturated. Rural markets are extremely price-sensitive. Thus, a number of companies followed the strategy of launching a entire range of package sizes and prices to suit the purchasing preferences of Indias varied consumer segments. Hindustan Lever, a subsidiary of Unilever, coined the term nano-marketing in the early nineties, when it introduced its products in small sachets. Small sachets were introduced in well-nigh all the FMCG segments from oil, shampoo, and detergents to beverages.Cola major, Coke, brought down the average price of its products from around twenty centimes to ten cents, bridging the gap between soft drinks and other local options like tea, butter milk or lemon ju ice. It also doubled the number of outlets in rural areas from 80,000 during 2001 to 160,000 the next year, almost doubling its market penetration from 13 per cent to 25 per cent. This along with greater marketing, led to the rural market accounting for 80 per cent of new Coke drinkers and 30 per cent of its total volumes. number of the new consumerUnderstanding the Indian consumer market means understanding its individual segments. Three major segments are emerging Kids The Youth (including the young working singles) The Urban Indian adult female These segments have shown a tremendous increase in influencing and driving purchase decisions and hence are huge drivers of change in the consumer market. Purchases are being driven not by necessity, but to satisfy individual needs. A high-potential emerging market is also the vast rural hinterland, which has its own unique characteristics.Kids Getting older younger There are 300 million children aged between 414 years in India a vast m arket by any standards. The role that children play in purchase decisions has changed dramatically in the past 45 years. From pester power, kids have changed their role to becoming influencers, this is not only in product categories like confectionary and toys, but in larger long term use categories such as cars, electronics and even consumer durables like refrigerators and air conditioners, which were, traditionally, decisions taken by parents.Today the roles are reversed, with kids pointing out the pros and cons of purchase decisions to their parents. In fact, in the older age group, kids have actually become consultants, whom parents turn to for advice during the decision-making process. Another driver is their mastery of technology, which is a primary component of a high proportion of new products in the market. The coitus ease with which they are able to grasp technicalities and understand product features and usability (or lack of) has made them experts in the eyes of their p arents.Youth Charting their own path With the majority of Indias population below the age of 25 years, young consumer market is the primary target of every consumer goods company. The trend towards homogeneity is also apparent in monetary value of aspiration between segments and there is no difference in the mindset of the younger demographic. The aspirations of the juvenility are the same, driven primarily by the fact that they are all Internet savvy and this has given them equal access to information. Along with the love for brands and gadgets, they are equally comfortable with Indian values and Indian culture. sustenance is about visiting religious centres with their parents and then spending the evening with friends at the local club or a similar social venue. Indian youth are also very patriotic, not in the classical, pre-independence sense but in a modern sense which reflects their pride in being Indian in todays world. As a segment, they are on the whole sensible, very cle ar about what they want to achieve in their lives and not easily carried away by hype and show. The outsourcing phenomenon in India ha has been the main driver of this consumer segment.A larger number of younger people now have cash in hand and this combined with increasing brand awareness has resulted in a lot of spending on leisure and personal gratification. This has also brought about a dramatic change in the concept of saving. The young generation lives for today, the concept of saving for a rainy day is alien to most of them especially since the majority of them have not experienced shortages in their lives. This is also a segment constantly on the move mentally and physically.The young do not want to be at home and are spending twice the amount of time outside the house than they would have done a couple of years ago. So, whether they are at a multiplex, a mall or a cyber cafe, hanging out with friends is a clear preference. The Urban Woman Defining her own space In India, it has been a long accepted fact that it is the women in a family who define the environment at home. In the urban cities and even in small towns, they have been the silent influencers for some time now, directing family purchases and expenditures.It is only recently, however, that the urban woman has come into her own, and today there is no looking back from her newly gained independence. In the past five years, there has been a large increase in the product categories specifically targeted towards the urban woman. Be it mobile phones, computers, apparel, jewellery or even financial products, women in the cities are finding themselves spoilt for choice. One prominent manifestation of this segment is seen in the free-and-easy soap operas on Indian television.While the characters may seem regressive at first glance, increasing viewership has proved that they have struck a fit in whether the woman is a homemaker or a professional. Today women go out with each other, a trend that wa s not seen previously. They are also much more into indulgence and satisfying their emotional self. So, whether it is spending time at clubs with friends, pampering herself at the salon, experimenting with cosmetic surgery or enrolling at the fitness centre, the need to look good has now become a priority. It is no longer only about getting married and having kids.Implications for marketers Commoditisation of brands Routine items and white goods will be bought on price, accessibility and not for brand values. Novelty will not be a reason for trial The new generation consumer will try to simplify complexity by dropping into routine behaviours. Brand will be for pleasure Brand will have to redefine role, where consumers are physically more satisfied and psychologically more confidant. Evaluation parameter of brand will change When consumers are going to continuously ask about the long-term safety/ effects of using

Police Brutality Essay Essay

IntroductionStudies has shown that jurisprudence force ar more likely to abuse blacks preferably than whites and this is caused by racial profiling. But through the report of police brutality, police brutality was first used after a police military officer was expound beating a civilian in 1633. constabulary brutality is the abuse of force and it is usually through physical. But there are other ship crumbal to abuse which are verbally and somewhattimes psychologically and this is d matchless by a federal or state authorities which are the police officers. The history of police brutality has been a cycle and the phrases are actually violence, corruption and im plant on what is wrong. These has been a cycle for some years through police brutality. Police brutality exists in many countries and non only in the US. African American are always targeted as bad people and this withal proves that there are inequality within the black community and the world. There are similarly certain misconducted forms of brutality moreover some of these are really common in our society which are racial profiling, corruption, false arrest and inserting fear into civilians.There are many other cases that were actually targeted mainly on blacks and this causes unfair arbiter. Polices agenda is to basically fight and protect civilians as well as being the peace keepers and never being the one that harm any civilians with bug out proper approval or warrant to an arrest or to an even greater extend which is physically, verbally or psychologically harming the inappropriate civilian on the mistake he/she has do. Police are the ones that set an image towards the society so that people can actually follow them and cogitate they are doing the right matter, however it is a really disturbing matter knowing that police does racial profiling especially equalityd to whites and blacks. And therefore, this research paper is close to police will most likely be more crucial to black s compare to whites and this is known as racial profiling.Police brutality and racism in the USPolice brutality and racism has played a big role in contaminating the safeness of US as well as degrading the reputation of the authorities through these occupations, there are significantly huge amount of statistics reports on police brutality. Even though these cases are brought up to court, out of5986 reports only 33% went through conviction and 64% received prison sentences. American police officers have used lethal ordnances to kill more than terrorist did since the Vietnam War. And at least once a year, there is always a mortal beaten by a Police Officer. And this is always shown as abusive of authority. Although committing a crime is illegal, police have no rights to abuse their rights through physical or verbal actions. Although physical abuse brings physical pain and such simply verbal abuse has actually proved that it would be more harmful to that dupe. As in one of the case s, a police officer actually insulted the victim till the victim killed himself out of anger.Words can actually mean a lot towards a human being and police officers think that they wint be charged with any offense through insulting verbally instead of physical abuse can actually cause problem towards these police officers. According to a research, every year nigh 261 police officers are involved with police brutality and only about 27 pct of these victims are involved in law suits. In many cases, majority of these victims are actually African Americans that were maltreated by the law that are divinatory to protect them. And the research similarly shows that there is a result of 382 deaths out of 5986 reports. Other than the statistics, there is also a few groups of people which are elderly, medicate addicts, female and weak people.Police would take advantage of this to brutalize them while inserting fear in them through threatening for an example, police officers might threate n them about their family members and if they were to report any involvement the police officer would arrest or treat their family members the same way they were being treated and this would definitely insert fear into the victims. That is why some cases were reported as fake issues because victims themselves do not want to admit the truth being worried of being physically or verbally treat again. Overall, if a police officer was found ab victimisation a victim, their rights as a police would probably be revoked and only prison sentence up to 14 months averagely and this is unfair to all the other crime offenders as well as the victims because 14 months is a really short time which these victims might be abused once again when these police officers are discharged from their duty and/or the prison.Racial profiling in the US among police officersThere are a lot of known cases of police brutality especially on blacks on racial profiling. But gibe to an article in 2012, a black person is killed by a security officer every 28 hours. As it was also stated in this article, that African-Americans are about 13.1% of the nation population except it has nearly covered 40% of the prisons population. Also, blacks sometimes do sell drugs and is the same as white but they have a higher(prenominal) percentage of getting arrested for drugs than whites and this is racial profiling. grim offenders also definitely receive a longer sentence compare to white offenders. Other than that, most of the blacks killed were unarmed, which according to the report, 44% of blacks was killed even though there was no sign of weapon. 27% deaths are claimed that the suspect had a electric ray but there was no prove to this. 2% had small weapons such as knifes, big scissors and cutters or any other similar weapons, and only about 20% had guns or insalubrious weapons. Most officers that killed blacks claim that they were afraid and they were trying to protect themselves so they have been forc e to open fire.These police officers open fire if they feel like they are being threaten, for an example, the suspect running away from the cops, driving towards to cops or getting something from their waist. Police officers do not conclude if the suspect does have a weapon or not and yet just use deadly force to solve the issue. In one of the known cases of an African American getting supposition by a police officer, the suspect name is Oscar harmonise 22 year old, and was shot by Johannes Mehserle a police officer. The police officer claimed that Grant had a gun even though Grant was subdued by other officers which is not justified because Oscar Grant was already being subdued by other officers and yet Johannes Mehserle still open fire his weapon at Oscar Grant. A few other examples of African American being assaulted without justified reasons are Rodney King, Sean Bell, and many other more. Rodney King was drunk on that night on March 2, 1991.He was speeding on the freeway and that was when the police officers attempted to pull him over, but Rodney King resisted. Once they manage to get Rodney King out of the vehicle, a group of officers tried to subdue Rodney King and used taser as well. Rodney King was kicked at the head and also was beaten with nightsticks. But lucky enough, Kings injuries wasnt really serious but it left him with a couple of bruises and also a facial fractured bone.Sean Bell was killed by a police undercover team which fired 50 times at the car Bell and his friendswere sit in, it happened outside a strip club because he was having his bachelors party on that night. A police officer actually overheard that the friend lecture about getting his gun, so in order to prevent the shooting from happening, the police officers opened fired at the car. And that was when Sean Bell passed away immediately on the scene. The detectives were not charged guilty of manslaughter on that night. And these are some of the cases African Americans are act ually facing and this is why US should follow out a heavier rule on racial profiling.Actions of police brutality on selected victims through racial profilingThe actions that were used on blacks were more crucial compare to whites such as verbal persuasion, unarmed physical force, force using non-lethal weapons, force using impact weapons and deadly force. There was a case which verbal persuasion actually lead the victim to committing suicide out of anger that has stated and it was cause by a police, these African Americans were often called nicknames like jigaboo, negro and many other nicknames. This can cause an impact on how they feel, it will never be shown through physical but always inner(a) them. That is why verbal persuasion is really negative towards a victim. unarm physical force can cause external damage but actually, also internal because you would feel the depression on African American are seen as a minority and they know that their race will be discriminated agains t.As seen in some cases, African American was treated more crucially than whites, in one of the case, the black refused to go into the officers lunchroom and the next thing he knows is his head smashing through a plate glass window. If it was a white, it is really obvious that the police would allow him to stay outside the lunchroom and take care for other procedures. Non-lethal weapons that were used on blacks are more crucial, blacks were Taser multiple times which causes a great pain to them and in one of the cases recently, the victim was Taser to death. Force using impact weapons has also been an issue towards African American, in Walmart US, an African American went to pick up a bb rifle and he was just waving the gun around, after that the police came and ask him to disarm the gun as not knowing that was just a bb rifle. Regardless, the disagreement from the police, the police shouldnt have fired a fatal shot on the victim and whyis the victim shot holding a bb gun in a bb g un store. finisIn conclusion, the research has shown that police are more likely to be crucial towards blacks rather than whites and this is caused by racial profiling. As from the research above, we can conclude that police has been crucial towards African American. But we should also improve the systems that US is using which is actually peoples mind set. A simple thing can become a great problem, especially in racism police should not be bias about a crime which is done by a certain race but putting all the races together as one. Polices job description is to fight justice and bring peace to civils and not being the one breaking the law. It will never be a good image towards civils. Solutions can be employ through federal authorities, by ensuring that abuses such as torture, excessive amount of force will not happen and these officers that had broken the law should be accounted for and be brought to justice.Like some of the cases, the jury would say that the police is at his/her rights and only have a prison sentence up to 14 months average. This encourages police to not be afraid because it would only be a short time for sentence and be daring to do what is right. This would also influence the new police candidates that assaulting would not get them into a really big problem. The federal authorities should also implement solutions such as recording the actions a police officer used through a camera or being supervised by the team leader.Street cameras are really important for this matter which they can always refer back to the scene and watch how the victim was treated by police officers and this would definitely make US a better outrank instead of discriminating the minorities which is the African American but these solution applies to all the races but specifically for African American in order for them to be equal to live equally like all the other races without any misjudgment or discrimination through racial profiling.References99 Percent Of Police Brutality Complaints Go Uninvestigated In Central NewJersey Report. 2014. 99 Percent Of Police Brutality Complaints Go Uninvestigated In Central New Jersey Report. ONLINE Available at http//www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/07/police-brutality-new-jersey-report_n_4555166.html. Accessed 26 October 2014.4 Unarmed Black Men Have Been Killed By Police in the Last Month Mother Jones. 2014. 4 Unarmed Black Men Have Been Killed By Police in the Last Month Mother Jones. ONLINE Available at http//www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/08/3-unarmed-black-african-american-men-killed-police. Accessed 26 October 2014.How Often are Unarmed Black Men Shot Down By Police?. 2014. How Often are Unarmed Black Men Shot Down By Police?. ONLINE Available at http//www.dailykos.com/story/2014/08/24/1324132/-How-Often-are-Unarmed-Black-Men-Shot-Down-By-Police. Accessed 26 October 2014.Ferguson police committed human rights violations during Michael chocolate-brown protests Daily Mail Online. 2014. Ferguson pol ice committed human rights violations during Michael Brown protests Daily Mail Online. ONLINE Available at http//www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2806085/Ferguson-police-committed-human-rights-violations-Michael-Brown-protests-Amnesty-International-claims.html. Accessed 26 October 2014.Police brutality Law Teacher. 2014. Police brutality Law Teacher. ONLINE Available at http//www.lawteacher.net/criminology/essays/police-brutality.php. Accessed 26 October 2014.The Color of Justice Constitutional Rights Foundation. 2014. The Color of Justice Constitutional Rights Foundation. ONLINE Available at http//www.crf-usa.org/brown-v-board-50th-anniversary/the-color-of-justice.html. Accessed 26 October 2014.Presentation to Hearing on Police Brutality & muck up Richie Perez.

Impact of E-Learning in Secondary Schools Students

The development of technology and the Internet all over the world during the last disco biscuit has enabled new educational delivery methods like E-learning. It is the use of technology to enable people to learn anytime and anywhere. E-learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, reck mavenr-based learning, virtual education opportunities and digital collaboration. stakeholders at divers(prenominal) levels, such as researcher, practitioners and institutions understand the value of e-learning Kira 2009, on that pointof countries all over the world has adapted to this new delivery method, and Fiji as one of the developing countries has in like manner joined them.The Universities in Fiji work already started use this method and by 2014 Fiji hopes to implement this education method in around 20 secondary school. As online education gains in popularity, it becomes more than important to issue the inherent advantages and disadvantages offered by this mediumRi chard Hauser 2012. Timothy Rodgers 2008 likewise state that as the use of e-learning is becoming more and more widespread in higher education it has become increasingly important to examine the impact that this didactics style has on student performance.There have been a number of researches conducted to prove numerous advantages of E-learning. Firstly, E-learning is cost effective, for example, there be no travel costs. Melissa et al 2011 verbalize, access to online training is cost effective. Higgins 2012 also back up that by stating that e-learning tummy be effective for students as they do not need to travel and effectual in terms of time. Majority of the learners being middle aged education master copys and keen on professional development could take course that are offered through e-learning since it does not impinge upon their work times. Shikha Raturi 2011 Secondly, E-learning has Flexibility, approachability, and Convenience. Here the Learners can proceed through a training program at their admit pace and at their own place. They can also access the e-Learning course at any time and only as often as they need. The rapid advance of web technology has enable universities to reach out and educate students crossways time and space barrier Shu-Sheng Liaw 2008. Higgins 2012 also supported the claim by stating that e-learning can provide flexibleness in terms of time and place. Mary F.Fortune 2011 states in her research that eLearning is also convenient to learners who have paradox with communication skills. Thirdly, E-learning has a lot of exchange of ideas and sharing of knowledge. Higgins 2012 specified that e-learning enhances the efficiency of access of knowledge. Shu-Sheng Liaw 2008 identified that eLearning assists learners in collaborative learning, exchanging ideas and sharing knowledge. The author also stated that in web based administration, learners are gain to exchange ideas, share perspectives, and use previous knowledge in order to decide on the high hat solution for the problem.He also specified that knowledge sharing also enhances better teaching and learning. Although there are a lot of positives about ELearning, there are many disadvantages of E-Learning schools, and disadvantages with the ELearning process. The first issue is skills are needed for the user to be able to take advantage of the E-learning. That is basic computer knowledge is require for E-learning. Kira 2009 stated in his paper that fifty percent of adults, including the first year University students, have some sort of computer related phobia.Kushir 2009 discussed in the paper that leave out of certain skills or experience might put one at a disadvantage when compared to the experienced once. Lack of operational knowledge and of capabilities narrowed the options of the users in E-learning. Falloon 2011 undermentioned issue with E- learning is isolation of learners. As stated by Higgins 2012 learners might suffer from isolation and l ack of direct social interaction. Further to that point Falloon 2011 added that learners studying at a distance can in time suffer from a sense of isolation and disconnect which can adversely affect their performance.Ease of use of E-learning agreement is another issue that affects the learners. This is when the learning system interface is not user friendly learners have problems using the system. Kira 2009 indicated in her work that computer anxiety was influenced by how users perceive ease of use of an information system. Shu-Sheng Liaw 2008 also added to ease of the system as user acceptance towards the system, where learners are concerned about the operating methods and functions. reading Overload is another issue of E-learning.Students reported feeling overload in the eLearning courses. Kushir 2009. His work also stated that some online environments are unnecessarily cluttered with ir germane(predicate) stimuli and information or the way in which the relevant information is organized affects how students learn. From the works of the above researchers it can be known that for any popular system there are positive and negative impacts depending on a range of factors such as different kinds of user, different locations of the system, different choice of users and so on.And as Fiji has recently stepped into this technological advancement of E-learning it will have its own set advantages and disadvantages. However, from the literature review the gap in E-learning was identified as equal Accessibility of the phenomenon by the populace of both rural and urban centers. It was also identified that computer Literacy of participants influenced their mode of learning.

Philosophy of Ernest Nagel from a First Person Essay

One burning and enduring enigma in philosophy to which we wear given considerable examination is the question of the introduction of godthe heyday being that philosophers have defined and dealt with for centuries. later on reading the classic arguments of St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas, the contentious assertions of Ernest Nagel, and the compelling witness accounts of Julian of Norwich, I have been introduced to some of the most revered and referenced arguments for and against Gods existence that have been put into text. All of them are well-thought and well-articulated arguments, only they have their holes. The question of Gods trustworthy existence, therefore, is still non definitively answered and put to rest the intensity of this postulate probably never will mitigate. legion(predicate) theologians and academics honestly admit that no matter what any philosopher may assert regarding this topic, whether or not a certain someone believes in Gods existence is a quest ion of doctrine and nada more(prenominal).I am naturall(a)y inclined, then, yet after reading the heavyweight philosophers of religion, to ponder this pressing issue. After all, what one person may gather come out of serious consideration of this problem could totally commute his or her flavour. Even though I have been raised in the Episcopal Christian faith and have attended church regularly, I have never really taken the time to see the very existence of a being I have been worshipping for my whole childhood. Reading the famed selections in this course has alerted my attention to the topic, and this major philosophical problem continues to eschew my understanding.One would call that, because I have been raised a Christian and have been exposed to the doctrine and theory of Christianity, I would quickly magnetic dip toward the arguments for God and be more easily persuaded by them, hoping to find a defense for spending some every Sunday morning in the chancel at church. Actually, I am not automatically persuaded toward the theist position thanks to an atheist argument the philosopher whom we have examined this semester who complicates this issue for me is Ernest Nagel, an atheist professor who wrote an great defense of atheism. I found that his defense made atheism appear a much more prepossessing way to think than any theistic religion. I was not impressed, though, with his contentions againstthe Ontological Argument of St. Anselm, and hence I refrain for now from venturing to the atheist way. Because of Nagel, I now have ambivalence towards believing in God, even though reading his work did not change my broader belief.One object of heated debate between convinced(p) believers in God and convinced atheists is the Problem of Pain or Theodicy Problem, which asks how evil and piteous discount exist in the world if an all-powerful and all- expert God is overseeing what happens in his world. There are a few arguments that theists have construct ed defending Gods existence in spite of this obvious difference of opinion between doctrine and reality. Some of them, even though they have become classic arguments, are idiotic for example, Nagel confronts the argument stating that the things called evil are evil only because they are viewed in isolation they are not evil when viewed in proper perspective and in relation to the rest of creation (605). This argument can be easily destroyed by a man of reason, and Nagel does so mainly by prop that it is irrelevant to argue that were we something some other than what we are, our evaluations of what is good and bad would be different (606).Calling the argument baseless speculation, (606) Nagel easily downturns this faulty response to the Theodicy Problem. What I found most admirable about this section of Nagels Philosophical Concepts of Atheism was his own solution to the problem barely that it cannot be resolved I do not believe it is possible to reconcile the alleged omnipotenc e and omnibenevolence of God with the unvarnished facts of human existence (606). Since Nagel has exhibit that the Theodicy Problem cannot be taken down, it remains a solid argument for atheists and a very good disproof of the existence of an all-good, all-powerful God. I have not seen a response to this problem so effectively stated, honest, and convincing. Nagels arguments concerning the Theodicy Problem show that atheists think in a much more frank and practical fashion than do theists.The way Nagel uses the words unvarnished facts of human existence (606) leads to another attractive element to atheism and to his workNagel appeals to the earthly life, and only the earthly life, in describing how atheists think. Instead of reaching out to another world or deity that doesnot even certainly exist, atheists often take as their ideal the intellectual methods employed in the contemporaneous empirical sciences (607). Because atheists use empirical evidence obtained through with(predi cate) science, i.e. use evidence that certainly exists and can be sensed, all of the idea they do is based but on what clearly and distinctly exists in reality. To atheists, says Nagel, controlled sensory observation is the court of final appeal in issues concerning matters of fact (608). Not all of theist thinking is based on something that is proved to exist, since God has not been absolutely proved to be, so the essential base of the theist thought is composed of supposition and theory.Atheists simply ground their logic in what is certainly known, and no assumptions found their reasoning. Even in matters of human goods, atheists think practically The conceptions of the human good atheists have advocated are conceptions which are commensurate with the actual capacities of mortal men, so that it is the satisfaction of the complex claims of the human creature which is the final standard for evaluating the validity of a moral ideal or moral prescription (608). Nagel also excellen tly applies practicality to atheism in the way he describes the stress upon a good life that must be consummated in this world (608). Nagel dismisses the need of some unrealizable other-worldly ideal (608) so well that atheism appears supremely attractive among all the other religious modes of thought. Since Nagel implements practicality so well and perpetuates the question of the Theodicy Problem in Philosophical Concepts of Atheism, I found not only Nagels text, but also the atheist way very reasonable (literally) and intellectually striking. dapple Nagel superbly makes atheism appear much more attractive as a way of thinking than a theist religion because of its practicality and direct method of reason, I do not think he deals with St. Anselms argument for Gods existence well enough. Nagel refutes Anselms Ontological Argument by saying, the word existence does not signify any attribute (601). I starkly disagree with this position. I think, as does Ren Descartes, that existence in reality is a descriptor. When we, for example, reflect upon the life of one who has died, we experience that person as he or she exists in our understanding and in our imagination by remembering him or her althoughthis individual is no longer existing in reality, he or she still exists, but on another plane of being. I am aware that this is, indeed, a highly debatable topic, but I am quite convinced that existence is an attribute, and thus I find that Anselms assertions withstand Nagels assaults. Even though the fact that atheists are practical, down-to-earth thinkers attracts me, I am still not convinced that God does not exist. For the time being, then, I will retain my theistic beliefs and remain a churchgoer, even though I now have ambivalence toward theism.I am not convinced that God does not exist because of some other reflections, shared especially by many within the scientific community. My current beliefs regarding Gods existence, those that I find more convincing than eve n the Ontological Argument, total an deductive chain of reasoning the argument I support most is the near impossibility that everything in creation came about by accident. The chances for molecules and cells, the very building blocks of the incredibly intricate natural creation, to come unneurotic entirely by themselves are so extremely slim that it is hard to believe that the world and all that lives in it are products of chance.The fact that the planet Earth is in exactly the right spot in space to support life, the fact that there are just the right amounts of chemicals and substances to sustain biological life on Earth, and the fact that there is only one species with the intellectual firepower to overcome physical inferiorities and become the sentiment class of organisms on the planet all contribute to the suspicion that there may be a certain genius that planned out this harmonious structure of life. This is a tough argument for atheists to refute, but then again, it still could have been chanceit still could have been that one in a billion trillion times that happened. With that in mind, a great secondary argument is Anselms Ontological Argument, a piece of reasoning I think both Nagel and Gaunilo fail to overcome. If it ever is overcome, I may come to take steps across the bridge to the atheist way. organise CitedCahn, Steven M., Patricia Kutcher, George Sher, and Peter J. Markie, eds. Reason at Work Introductory Readings in Philosophy. 3rd Ed. Florence, KYThomson Learning, Inc., 1996.

Running Head: Indivisible, Liberty, and Justice for All

Indivisible, Liberty, and Justice for All October 26, 2012 Indivisible, Liberty, and Justice for All2 Abstract This writing discusses Jane Elliots experiment with her terzetto grade class and Olivia Murrays document A Mindfulness To evanesce Pre-Service Lip-Service A direct for K-12 Schools To Invest in Social Justice Education. The document gives a brief overview of each authors work and their approach to help understand the impact of a social arbiter education.Finally, the es differentiate provides the importance of combining both authors approach to achieve equality in America. Indivisible, Liberty, and Justice for All3 Every morning, diverse groups of Ameri quarter students- moneyed and poor, black and white, rural and urban- begin the school mean solar daytime rising, facing the flag, and pledging allegiance to a country that claims to be indivisible, ensuring liberty and justice for all. Students learn closely the nurture of equality, as Americans we have the right of equal treatment regardless of our background, belief, race or religion.They learn ab verboten justice, that society removeers the same benefits and has the same obligation to all citizens. Both of these values teach students that no unmatchable is favored over any other one, yet by reading A Mindfulness To fade Pre-Service Lip-Service A Call for K-12 Schools To Invest in Social Justice Education (Olivia Murray) and watched A Class change integrity I recognized that disparate inequalities non only exist, but may continue to be perpetrated, if we do not take the initiative to change.Lisa Delpit wrote we all interpret behaviors, information, and situations through our own cultural lenses these lenses operate involuntarily below the level of conscious awargonness making it seem that our own view is simply the fashion it is (Olivia Murray, pg. 48-49). Not until we are impacted by someone elses perception of us as existence different do we realize that our cultural awareness is b ias. Society has faced this debacle for centuries we have scholars go back and forth trying to find a solution on how to teach ur children to be colour blind, to be less bias and to treat everyone the way they want to be treated. It seems so simple to say yet it is very hard to achieve. In the video A Class Divided, third grade teacher Jane Elliot attempts with her class an experiment to demonstrate the impact of inequality. The article A Mindfulness To Transcend Pre-Service Lip-Service A Call for K-12 Schools To Invest in Social Justice Education (Olivia Murray) presents a three-fold approach so individual schools can address the issues of avoiding social injustice.The assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. led to turmoil and riots across the country. Jane Elliot, a white, third grade teacher, felt the need to try a new approach to teach her Indivisible, Liberty, and Justice for All4 materialization students about discrimination especially after hearing the white media refe rring to those people and those communities, as if black Americans were in some way not part of America. The experiment was for two days, it started on Tuesday.Jane Elliot begins by a stripg the class about national Brotherhood Week, what it means and whether there are people in America who arent treated analogous brothers. The children responded yes, Blacks and Indian Americans are not treated like brothers. So, Elliot proposes the experiment to help the students understand what discrimination means. all over the next two days, the class was split into blue- centerfieldd and brown-eyed students and that on the first day, blue-eyed people are better than brown-eyed.This meant they got extra recess, could drink from the fountain, have seconds at lunch and could play on the playground equipment. Brown-eyed students mustiness utilisation paper cups to drink from, may not play with blue-eyed children, must stay off playground and wore collars around their necks to be easily identi fied. During the rest of the day, Elliot points out how much time brown-eyed children took to complete tasks, how not prepared they were, how they dont take things seriously and were disruptive and badly behaved. She entices the blue-eyed children to agree with her.On Wednesday, it is the treat of the brown-eyed children to be better than the blue-eyed children. The roles are switched and the brown-eyed children despite having been on the receiving end of discriminatory behavior the day before are now tormenting the blue-eyed children. The children described their experiences like being a dog on a leash, like having collars and couldnt think as well. At the end of the day, Elliot asks the children whether eye or skin color should be how we decide whether someone is good or bad or if those things make a good or bad person.All of the children said no. Elliot also learned that the children who are privileged because of the eye color do better on tests than children who are being discr iminated against. Indivisible, Liberty, and Justice for All5 Olivia Murrays article A Mindfulness To Transcend Pre-Service Lip-Service A Call for K-12 Schools To Invest in Social Justice Education (Olivia Murray), extract a three-fold approach for schools to adopt. It includes a partnership between the school staff, a school wide team, and a relationship with the school community.The school staff must take a leadership role to rest the challenges they should endure the discomfort of their own prejudices and biases. Open discourse about their own personal experiences ordain learn how each school supports equity and how they influence the social development of the children. Secondly, is to create a school-wide Equity leadership Team (ELT), to assist schools in maintaining self-awareness among teachers and preparing our future generation of non-biased children.The team can present the relevance and esteem for different cultures, can pinpoint if the needs of particular groups of s tudents is not being met delinquent to lack of awareness. Finally, structure and maintaining a true invisible relationship with the school community to promote the social justice values. When parents and the communities are involved in strengthening the communication for one same purpose it transmits a shared appreciation, thereof becoming part of the solution and not an outsider.I believe that a combination of Elliots experiment with a continued application of Murrays approach exit eventually produce lifelong learners characterized by rich diversity. Being exposed hands on at an early age about the effects of discrimination will allow children to be more open-minded and color blind. Once the children are self-aware of the ostracise feelings they encounter and bringing on board the school staff, parents and community to promote the same values of equality, will only lead to a more just and equal America.It was very surprising to realize that reinforcement in such a diverse cou ntry we are still faced with the same oppressiveness as Blacks were in the 1960s. Nowadays, it is not only due to skin color but also due to our religious beliefs and our sexual preferences, as well as others. For decades we have been trying Indivisible, Liberty, and Justice for All6 to figure out racism. We feel and believe we are not racist however we all have biases. The most Copernican theme from Elliot and Murrays work is the importance placed on the education that is delivered to our children.By teaching our children through the use of right words and being open enough about our own prejudices will empower them. clear them to make a change that will affect the future generation of America and worldwide. After all, we will have the ability to see America as the country that is indivisible, ensuring liberty and justice for all. Indivisible, Liberty, and Justice for All7 References Murray, Olivia. A Mindfulness To Transcend Pre-Service Lip-Service A Call for K-12 Schools To In vest in Social Justice Education Elliot, Jane. (1968) A Class Divided

Piaget Versus Vygotsky In Regards To The Cognitive Theory Education Essay

The make of the thought procedure same retrieving, job resolution, and determination devising, is in all apart of what s called cognitive ontogeny. The rudimentary premiss of cognitive development is the manner a individual perceives, thinks, and understand the goings-on around them through the combining of genetic sciences and learned factors. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky were influential in the apprehension of this signifier of development conveyed by their some(prenominal) theories. Cognitive Development starts at birth and progresses as a chaff starts to larn and turn rationally. If a individual, particularly an pedagogue, potty understand how a barbarian develops cognitively versions can be made to turn the specific demands of a kid. Constructivism is an attack to learning and larning based on the premiss that knowledge is the consequence of mental building ( McDevitt, and Ormrod, 2006 ) . A pupils belief, attitudes and how they be shown how to make things impact ho w one learns. This averment is one expressed and concord upon by both Piaget and Vygotsky. twain besides agreed that social do works created the boundaries that surrounded cognitive development. Being Constructivist and acknowledging the influence of 1s milieus atomic phone number 18 about the lone similarities that are shared by Piaget and Vygotsky s theory portion.Each theorizer had cardinal thoughts that their theory of cognitive development was built upon. These thoughts differed from each other. As in Piaget s, he theorized that password is produced by action. He strongly felt a kid learns best through interaction. ( Huitt, & A Hummel, 2003 ) Vygotsky disagreed, alternatively he felt larning occurred before development and they learn because of history and symbolism ( Van der Veer, 2008 ) . Further much, Vygotsky would primer coat that kids non merely needed scarcely valued others input in order to turn psychologically, a allude that Piaget disagreed with. Piaget be loved that there are four stages to cognitive development that occurs. The first phase, referred to as Sensorimotor Stage, begins at birth to two old ages. In this phase a kid relies to a great terminus on natural behaviours of course learned, the likes of sucking. Piaget beloved intelligence manifests itself through physical motor activities such(prenominal) as creeping or walking. These attributives dominate in this stage although some linguistic communication accomplishments are developed as good. Piaget continues his stages into the ages two through seven with the preoperational phase. During this phase, Piaget believes a kid is egoistic with his ideas. Basically, Piaget says at this fit out, a kid thinks if he believes or sees things one manner, that is the manner everyone sees it. During this phase the flowering of unwritten linguistic communication, shop and imaginativeness besides occurs. The 3rd phase, labeled concrete operational phase, continues on into the ages of se ven and into eleven. A prominent alteration in how a child thinks happens at this curtail. One begins to believe in a more logical manner. Piaget rounds out his phases with the concluding 1 named the formal operational phase. The formal operational phase refers to the efficiency to get the hang abstract ideas and symbols relationally are the premiss of this phase. Very few people will of all time make this portion of Piaget s Cognitive Theory. Those who do are besides able to incubate scenarios that may happen ( McDevitt, and Ormrod, 2006 ) .Interrupting cognitive development into phases was a procedure that Vygotsky disagreed with. He thought at that send out to be no phases at all every bit good as no clip frame in which they are expected to happen. He had different constituents to his political orientations in mention to development, like the usage of private address. cloak-and-dagger address, put merely, is the pattern of speaking to oneself. He asserted that this procedur e contributed to a kid s job resolution accomplishments, as the kid would speak it out to himself before moving. Private speech production might go less of a prevailing facet over clip but is neer to the full outgrown. Following, Vygotsky focuses on the partition off of proximal development. This signifier of development refers to things a kid may no be able to make on their ain right off but in clip will. Vygotsky steadfastly asserted it was imperative for a kid to work within his zone in order to accomplish maximal acquisition ( Van cervid Ver, 2008 ) . The concluding key to Vygotsky s theory lies in the term staging. Using encouragement and aid by manner of advice is how scaffolding is defined. Hints and arrows are employed by an influential presence in a kid s life who has already mastered these constructs like ego regulation or job resolution ( Mcdevitt & A Ormrod, 2006 ) .Cognitive theories, like the 1s developed by Piaget and Vygotsky have been put into pattern by instructo rs, pedagogues, and healer as well as for old ages. Both theories are valid, plausible and easy can be put into pattern, particularly in a course room. For illustration, Piaget s preoperational stage is dominant in a kindergarten schoolroom, where five twelvemonth olds reign. Piaget s stage states that kid is egoistic in his thought. This can be portrayed in a unbiased scene taken from a kid s recess clip. One kid loves hide and seek. They play it as a household rather often at place. The regulations at place dictate one must number to 20 but another pupil argues that is non right. But the first kid insist since this is the iron-clad regulation because he assumes if he thinks its played that manner, everyone does, therefore bodying the preoperational stage. Similarly, Vygotsky s theories are besides plausible. A good illustration can be found in a 2nd class schoolroom. No two kids think likewise is a given for they all develop on different degrees. Like, some kids have mastered simple arithmetic, where as others struggle with the construct. One manner to impart aid would be through the usage of maths manipulative, like confect. It would keep the attending of those who understand that while farther helping those who have nt.Cognitive development has shaped the manner an pedagogue approaches a pupil. Piaget and Vygotsky have given one peep into the developmental heads of a kid. Without these theories, an pedagogue s influence may non be as efficaciously utilized like it should. start CitedVan Der Veer, R. ( 2008 ) . Lev Vygotsky continuum library of educational idea. Continuum.McDevitt, T, & A Ormrod, J.E. ( 2006 ) . Child development and instruction. New York Prentice Hall.Huitt, W. , & A Hummel, J. ( 2003 ) . Piaget s theory of cognitive development. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA Valdosta State University. Retrieved 09/18/2010 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cogsys/piaget.html

Mark Twain Short Stories Essay

Samuel Langhorne Cle handss, better know by his pen name of Mark duette, is a widely renowned author whom, throughout his life, wrote numberless defraud stories and essays criticizing politics, media, and other government and neighborly areas. duette was an avid supporter of civil rights and was extremely little of the court systems. Twain often criticized how society treatment of criminals changes for every social class. Mark Twain uses his apparition pettishness and irony to convey said theme in three of his more popular myopic stories, The bare-ass Crime, Running for Governor, and A Pre rampntial Candidate.Mark Twains short story, The New Crime, illustrates the supreme side of having a high social class and the special treatment from the court systems that comes along with wealth. Twain first writes almost a series of quotidian murder cases committed by wealthy men and lords in which the murderers are all pard mavend from their crimes and giving the insanity plea. The insanity plea basically states that if a somebody is mentally insane, they cannot be held accountable for any crimes they commit while insane.All of the murders from said cases are ordinary murders, which show no sign of insanity. This clearly displays that the men are only acquitted because of their deep pockets. superstar of Twains favorite literary devices is irony and he often uses it to ridicule the government. In The New Crime Twain uses irony when he writes, The servant young woman, Bridget Durgin, at the dead of night invaded her mistress sleeping accommodation and carved the lady literally to pieces with a knife. Then she dragged the body to the middle of the floor and beat and Lemacks 2banged it with chairs and such(prenominal) things. No such insanity plea was offered in her defense. (Twain 5) This is ironic because, in Durgins case, she is ostensibly deranged but, since she is of low social standard, she is not offered the insanity plea and, instead, is promptly han ged. The reader knows that Twain is purposefully being ironic because he includes details such as the facts that she has no motive for the murder, saves the womans baby, and continues to hike through the snow with the child having left her shoes, which all show how clearly insane the girl is.In using his precious irony, Twain makes his point very clear and makes sure to drive the center of the judicial systems corruptness through to the reader. In Twains short story, Running for Governor, he writes about when he was nominated for governor of New York. He uses said story to show the negative side of having a high social status and how the media will treat one differently when they are spew in the spotlight. Twain himself is the main character and has never done a single thing in all his life to be ashamed of.When his campaign begins, Twain feels that his advantage over his competition is that he possesses good character whereas, Twains two opponents are portrayed in the papers as t errible men. The next day newspapers start to come out accusing Mr. Twain of ridiculous crimes. peerless of the papers says that Twain has been convicted of perjury by thirty-four witnesses against a native woman in cochin China Twain is list all of the absurd accusations in the following pages. What Twain is doing is make the charges serious, such as murder, but also incredibly odd.The reason being to create a subtle, dark humor in all of the newspaper articles so that the reader will see how the media is clearly just making up stories about whomever runs for a political office. Twain uses this same technique in his short story, A Presidential Candidate, in which he jokingly writes that he has made up his mind to run for electric chair but, instead of waiting on Lemacks 3 reporters to publish everything bad about him in the newspaper, he is breathing out to come out with everything bad that he has done in the past.Twain uses dark humor when he writes, The rumor that I buried a dead aunt under my grapevine was correct. Does that unfit me for the presidentship? The Constitution of our country does not say so. (Twain 21) Once again, as he did in Running for Governor, Twain is making up silly crimes that, even though they are serious, one cannot help but chuckle at them. Twain succeeds once more in ridiculing the media through dark humor. Mark Twain wrote hundreds of short stories, essays, and sketches.Many of these works contain two of his favorite techniques dark humor and irony, which often accompany one another in Twains stories. It is through his expert use of the two figurative row devices, along with many others, that Twain was able to criticize the difference in treatment towards different social classes to the extent that he did. Lemacks 4 Works Cited Twain, Mark. Taming the Bicycle And Other Essays, Stories, and Sketches. Ed. Eric C. Link. New York Barnes & Noble, 2009. Print.